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In association football, a substitute is a player who is brought on to the pitch during a match in exchange for an existing player. Substitutions are generally made to replace a player who has become tired or injured, or who is performing poorly, or for tactical reasons (such as bringing a striker on in place of a defender). Most competitions only allow each team to make a maximum of three substitutions during a game, although more substitutions are often permitted in non-competitive fixtures such as friendlies. Unlike some sports (such as American football or ice hockey), a player who has been substituted during a match may take no further part in it. A player who is noted for frequently making appearances, or scoring important goals, as a substitute is often informally known as a "super sub". ==History== The origin of football substitutes goes back to at least the early 1860s as part of English public school football games. The original use of the term "substitute" in football was to describe the replacement of players who failed to turn up for matches. For example, in 1863, a match reports states: "The Charterhouse eleven played a match in cloisters against some old Carthusians but in consequence of the non-appearance of some of those who were expected it was necessary to provide three substitutes.〔Bell's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle (London, England), Sunday, February 22, 1863; pg. 7.New Readerships〕 The substitution of absent players happened as early as the 1850s, for example from Eton College where the term "emergencies" is used〔Bell's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle (London, England), Sunday, November 11, 1855; pg. 7.〕 Numerous references to players acting as a "substitute" occur in matches in the mid-1860s〔Bell's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle (London, England), Saturday, December 17, 1864; Issue 2,226.〕 where it is not indicated whether these were replacements of absent players or of players injured during the match. The first use of a substitute in international football was on 15 April 1889, in the match between Wales and Scotland at Wrexham. Wales's original goalkeeper, Jim Trainer, failed to arrive; local amateur player, Alf Pugh, started the match and played for some twenty minutes, until the arrival of Sam Gillam, who took over from him. As early as the qualifying phase for the 1954 World Cup, substitutions were permitted during games, the first ever replacement being Horst Eckel of Germany during their match with the Saarland on 11 October 1953. The number of substitutes usable in a competitive match has increased from zero (meaning teams were reduced if players' injuries could not allow them to play on) to one, to two out of a possible five in 1988, two plus one (injured goalkeeper) in 1994, and then (in 1995) to three.〔(History of the Laws of the Game - 1990-2000 ), FIFA.com.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Substitute (association football)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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